A. How to Pronounce -ed in English
The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed. For example:
| base verb (v1) | past simple (v2) | past participle (v3) |
|---|---|---|
| work | worked | worked |
In addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example:
- I like painted furniture.
The question is: How do we pronounce the -ed?
| If the base verb ends in one of these sounds: | example base verb*: | example with -ed: | pronounce the -ed: | extra syllable? | |
| unvoiced | /t/ | want | wanted | / Id/ | yes |
| voiced | /d/ | end | ended | ||
| unvoiced | /p/ | hope | hoped | / t/ | no |
| /f/ | laugh | laughed | |||
| /s/ | fax | faxed | |||
| /S/ | wash | washed | |||
| /tS/ | watch | watched | |||
| /k/ | like | liked | |||
| voiced | all other sounds, for example... | play | played | / d/ | |
| allow | allowed | ||||
| beg | begged | ||||
* note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, "fax" ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.
- he aged quickly /d/
- he blessed me /t/
- they dogged him /d/
- he has learned well /d/ or /t/
The pronunciation depends on the sound at the end of the infinitve of the main verb and whether it is voiced or not.
| /Id /infinitives that end in the sounds /t/ or /d/ | / d / infinitives that end in a voiced sound | / t / infinitves that end in an unvoiced sound |
| needed hated dated seated | lived chilled enjoyed tried | shopped picked wished crunched |
Regular Past Tense Verb Pronunciation Practice
Read the following dialogue. Write the phonetic symbol representing the sound
of the ed-ending above each past tense verb. Check your answers. Practice the
dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to carefully pronounce all past tense
endings!
Kathy: Tom, have you started your diet? I hope you haven’t gained weight.
Tom: I boiled eggs and sliced celery for lunch.
Kathy: Have you exercised at all?
Tom: I walked 5 miles and jogged in the park.
Kathy: Have you cleaned the house? Calories can be worked off that way.
Tom: I washed and waxed the floors. I even painted the bathroom.
Kathy: Who baked this apple pie? Who cooked this ham?
Tom: When I finished cleaning, I was starved. I prepared this food for dinner.
Kathy: Oh, no! I’ll take this food home so you won’t be tempted . I really enjoyed being with you. You diet is great!
Tom: What happened? Somehow, I missed out on all the fun.
Now, let's test your pronunciation by reading an article in the news today:
Article: http://news.yahoo.com/upside-shutdown-050011540.html
B. Do vs. Make
Do and Make are two verbs which frequently confuse students. Here we will learn about the difference between Do and Make and when to use each one.
When do you use DO?
DO is used as follows:
1. DO is used when talking about work, jobs or tasks. Note, they do not produce any physical object.
- Have you done your homework?
- I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doing the housework now.
- I wouldn't like to do that job.
2. DO is used when we refer to activities in general without being specific. In these cases, we normally use words like thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc.
- Hurry up! I've got things to do!
- Don't just stand there – do something!
- Is there anything I can do to help you?
3. We sometimes use DO to replace a verb when the meaning is clear or obvious. This is more common in informal spoken English:
- Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb)
- Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed)
- I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)
When do you use MAKE?
Make is for producing, constructing, creating or building something new.
It is also used to indicate the origin of a product or the materials that are used to make something.
- His wedding ring is made of gold.
- The house was made of adobe.
- Wine is made from grapes.
- The watches were made in Switzerland
We also use Make for producing an action or reaction:
- Onions make your eyes water.
- You make me happy.
- It’s not my fault. My brother made me do it!
You make after certain nouns about plans and decisions:
- make the arrangements,
- make a choice
We use Make with nouns about speaking and certain sounds:
- make a comment
- make a noise
- make a speech
We use Make with Food, Drink and Meals:
- make a cake
- make a cup of tea
- make dinner
Compare Do and Make
A: You have to make a cake for Simon.
B: I’ll do it later.
Notice how in the response the verb DO is used. This is because the meaning is clear and to avoid saying “I’ll make it later.” which could sound repetitive.
C. Do vs. Make Comparison Chart
D. Common Expressions with Do and Make
The following expressions are set collocations (combinations of words that frequently appear together) that you need to learn:
Expressions with DO
The following words are normally used with Do:
- a dance
- a drawing
- a favor / favour
- a job
- a painting
- a project
- a service
- an assignment
- anything
- business
- chores
- damage
- everything
- exercises
- good
- harm
- laundry
- nothing
- research
- right (the right thing)
- something
- the gardening
- the housework
- the ironing
- the dishes
- the rest
- the shopping
- the washing
- well
- work
- wrong (the wrong thing)
- your best
- your hair
- your homework
- your job
- your nails
- your work
Expressions with MAKE
The following words are normally used with MAKE:
- a bet
- a cake
- a call
- a change
- a choice
- a comment
- a complaint
- a connection
- a cup of coffee / tea
- a date
- a decision
- a demand
- a difference
- a discovery
- a face
- a fool of yourself
- a fortune
- a friend
- a fuss
- a joke
- a line
- a list
- a living
- a loss
- a mess
- a mistake
- a noise
- a plan
- a point
- a profit
- a promise
- a reservation
- a sandwich
- a scene
- a sound
- a speech
- a statement
- a suggestion
- an appointment
- an announcement
- an attempt
- an effort
- an error
- an escape
- an excuse
- an impression
- an observation
- an offer
- breakfast
- clear
- dinner
- faces
- fun of someone
- lunch
- inquiries
- peace
- possible
- progress
- money
- room
- sense
- someone rich
- someone smile
- sure
- trouble
- war
- your bed
- your mind up
E. Exercises: Make or Do?
Fill in the gaps with MAKE or DO. Make sure you are using the right tense!
1. My uncle Martin a lot of money with his company last year.
2. You didn't your homework yesterday. Why?
3. me a favour. Can you pick up my suit from the dry cleaner's tomorrow?
4. Before going to the airport, sure you have your ID with you.
5. I think Jane a mistake in her presentation yesterday.
6. It won't you any harm to eat more fruit and vegetables!
7. The police officer was only his duty when he questioned you about the robbery.
8. David had just me an offer I can't refuse. He's asked me to a journey with him to Sydney!
9. It's always a pleasure to business with that company.
10. Jerry has fun of me because of my outfit!
11. Marge always the housework before going shopping.
12. Can you room for my suitcase in the wardrobe, please?
13. We a difficult mathematics test last Friday.
14. Mark has to make up his mind! He has to a choice now! Does he want to go to university or not?
15. I'm not in the mood to go to Ellen's party tonight. I think I'll an excuse and I'll stay home.
16. You don't need to win the competition, just your best!
17. I'd like to an inquiry regarding room availability for the 22nd of October.
18. A hot cup of chocolate me good whenever I feel low.
19. The hurricane some terrible damage to the neighbouring house. It was a nightmare!
20. I think scientists have an important discovery on how to cure AIDS.
Now, let's have some fun learning the different expressions used with Make and Do. Listen to the following Gangnam style song to hear multiple samples of the different uses of these two verbs.
Now, let's have some fun learning the different expressions used with Make and Do. Listen to the following Gangnam style song to hear multiple samples of the different uses of these two verbs.
F. Barilla screaming for help. Save the Pasta!
Listen to the following podcast and answer the questions below:
Podcast: http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=2&t=1&islist=false&id=158565443&m=158589956
Transcript: open this file ONLY if you have some serious difficulties understanding the program and can not answer the questions below _ http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=158565443
- Provide a 2-3 minute summary of the story: who are the actors, where is this taking place, what is interesting about the story
- Was the problem?
- What were some of the measures that the plant manager took in order to solve the issues?
- They talk about an employee getting fired. Why did he get fired?
- Do you think that these measures could work in France? Why or why not?
Task: write a simple 3 minute speech where you play the role of the general manager at Barilla and announce a new policy at the company to prevent absenteeism. Please make sure that to work in an insentive to employees that do not call in sick very often or not at all during a year. The speech should contain the following:
- A clear explanation of the policy including citing WHY this is being put in place by the company
- Examples of how this would work
- Incentives for people that are not absent and possible penalties for those that do not abide by the new policy.
- Effective date of the new policy
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G: How to make your meetings more productive
Read the following article out loud in class and we'll review together the new vocabulary and debate the conclusion of its author
- What was the main point of this article?
- What tips from the list given do you practice or have practiced in the past when running meetings?
- What were some of the cultural differences mentioned that called your attention the most?
Vocabulary and expressions:
- time-sucking meetings
- vulnerable
- goodies
- turnout
- to lighten
- stick to the agenda
- keep the pressure off
- setting the bar too high
- downtime
- banning
- subordinate
- higher-ups
- drag it down
- to enhance
- switching
- anaemic
- to relinquish control
- bogged down in meetings
- stymies creativity (to stop/impede/hinder (someone) from doing something or to stop (something) from happening)
- breeze in
- ponders
- chatter
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